Abdullah Yahya

I’m currently migrating a large website from Handlebars to Nunjucks. Since the website is being updated daily, and because there are too many pages, I can’t convert the Handlebars syntax to Nunjucks syntax manually. To solve this, I started writing a script to convert the syntax programmatically using JavaScript (nodeJS). So far, it’s working very well. Here’s how I’m doing it, and how you can do something similar when confronted with a migration project.

Basically, the way it works is

1. it recursively finds all files in a folder called “temp”
2. if the file path ends with “hbs” – indicating it is a Handlebars file – then for each file, it executes a series of regex search and replace commands, e.g.
   • replace {{#if class}} with {% if class %}
   • replace {{/if}} with {% endif %}
   • and so on.

Those are simple search-and-replace situations. There may be a situation where you’ll need an advanced search and replace, e.g. when replacing

{{> social-list 
    dark="true" 
    centered="true"}} 

with

{% set dark="true" %}
{% set centered="true" %}
{% include social-list.njk %}

In this case, you can use a “replacer” function, which allows you to do much more to manipulate the output.

If you need to test regular expressions, https://regexr.com/ may come in handy.

When you’re all done and you’ve built the HTML files from both the handlebars templates and the nunjucks templates, you can write a script that recursively reads all HTML files in the build output folder and lists each HTML file path generated from each handlebars and nunjucks template along with their respective file size. The file sizes should be the same or almost the same. If some are not, then the migration script didn’t convert those templates correctly. Maybe something like:

With so many people working both from home and at the office, it can become annoying to have to rearrange your application windows when you move between the two locations. This is especially true for people like me who need multiple monitors, two of which are 32″ 4K ones as shown below, which I need to display multiple windows on each screen.

Though I have a similar setup at home, my application windows always get jumbled up when I move between locations, possibly because the standalone monitors are not all the same brand with the same exact resolution.

Most window management apps allow you to move and resize windows in a grid, e.g.

• left 50% of screen,
• bottom 50% of screen,
• right 33% of screen,
• top 50%, left 50% of screen,
• etc

These are fine if you aren’t going to move locations often and don’t have too many windows. If you want the same layout spanning multiple monitors and the ability to instantly move and resize all windows to that layout, then I recommend Moom. Here’s how to use Moom to save layouts for multiple monitor configurations.

1. At location 1, e.g. work, open your applications and arrange them how you like
2. Open Moom and create a custom preset with the following settings
   • Type: Arrange Windows
   • Name: I put “3 Monitors – Work”
   • Uncheck all checkboxes
3. Click “Update Snapshot”

This saves the layout as a preset. To test it, resize and move all your windows around. Then, hover over the green dot in any one window and click on the preset. All windows will instantly move to how you had them.

When you’re at home, you can create another preset and call it something like “3 Monitors – Home”. Now, you no longer have to mess around with moving windows around. Just click on a preset from any open window and get back to business.

Moom has a one-time cost of $10, but it’s obviously worth it.

In this tutorial, I will explain how we can fetch remote paginated JSON data synchronously (in serial) and asynchronously (in parallel).

Data

You can get test data to fetch from RapidAPI, but I’m going to fetch video data from Vimeo using the Vimeo API.

Fetch Method

There are many ways you can fetch remote data. The RapidAPI website provides code snippets for various languages and fetch methods. For example, for Node.js, there’s HTTP, Request, Unirest, Axios, and Fetch.

Some services like Vimeo provide libraries and SDKs in a few languages like PHP, Python and Node.js. You can use those as well if you’d like.

I’m actually going to use the Got library [GitHub], which is a very popular library.

CommonJS vs ESM

Many of the latest Node packages are now native ESM instead of CommonJS. Therefore, you can’t require modules like this

const got = require('got');

Instead, you must import modules like this

import got from 'got';

According to this page, you can convert your project to ESM or use an older version of the got package that uses CommonJS.

If using ESM, you need to put "type": "module" in your package.json.

Authentication

Many services like Vimeo require authentication in order to use their API. This often involves creating an access token and passing it in the header of the API call like this

In cURL:

curl https://api.vimeo.com/tutorial -H "Authorization: bearer {access_token}"

As HTTP:

GET /tutorial HTTP/1.1
  Host: api.vimeo.com
  Authorization: bearer {access_token}

Setup

Let’s set up our project. Do the following:

1. Create a new folder, e.g. test
2. Open the folder in a code editor (I’m using VisualStudio Code)
3. Open a terminal (I’m doing it in VS Code)
4. Initialize a Node project by running npm init -y

This will generate a package.json file in the folder.

Since we’re using ESM and will import modules rather than require them, add the following to the package.json file.

"type": "module"

Call the Vimeo API

Let’s start by calling the Vimeo API just once. Create a new file called get-data-one.js and copy the following contents into it. Replace {user_id} with your Vimeo user ID and {access_token} with your Vimeo access token.

import got from 'got';

let page = 1;
let per_page = 3;
let fields = "privacy,link,release_time,tags,name,description,download";

const url = `https://api.vimeo.com/users/{user_id}/videos?page=${page}&per_page=${per_page}&fields=${fields}`;
const options = {
  method: 'GET',
  headers: {
    'Authorization': 'bearer {access_token}'
  }
};

let data = await got(url, options).json();
console.log(data);

We’re importing the got library. For this to work, we need to install the got package. Run the following command.

npm install got

This will download the got package and its dependencies into the node_modules folder.

In the code, the Vimeo endpoint we’re calling is /users/{user_id}/videos, which returns all videos that a user has uploaded. According to the API docs, we can

• Specify the page number of the results to show using page
• Specify the number of items to show on each page of results, up to a maximum of 100, using per_page
• Specify which fields to return using fields

These parameters can be added to the endpoint URL in the query string, which is what we’ve done. However, for this test, we’ll just call one page and return the records (videos). We then call the API using the got library and then dump the results to the console. Let’s run the script and check the output. Run the following command.

node get-data-one.js

As expected, here’s the output.

The output starts with pagination info and the total number of available records (videos) followed by the actual data in the form of an array of video objects. In this case, we see 3 objects because we set per_page to 3.

Let’s update our code to write the output to a file. That will make it easier to read when there’s a lot of data. Add the following code snippets

import fs from "fs";

var stream = fs.createWriteStream("video-data.json",{flags:'w'});
    stream.once('open', function(fd) {
    stream.write(JSON.stringify(data)+"\n");
    stream.end();
});

so the code looks like this:

import fs from "fs";
import got from 'got';

let page = 1;
let per_page = 2;
let fields = "privacy,link,release_time,tags,name,description,download";

const url = `https://api.vimeo.com/users/{user_id}/videos?page=${page}&per_page=${per_page}&fields=${fields}`;
const options = {
  method: 'GET',
  headers: {
    'Authorization': 'bearer {access_token}'
  }
};

let data = await got(url, options).json();
console.log(data);
var stream = fs.createWriteStream("video-data.json",{flags:'w'});
    stream.once('open', function(fd) {
    stream.write(JSON.stringify(data)+"\n");
    stream.end();
});

We don’t need to install the fs package because that’s included in Node by default. The stream will write data to a file we’ll call video-data.json and we pass it the “w” flag to overwrite any existing contents of the file.

When we rerun the script, we see the file is created. We can format (prettify) it so it’s easy to read.

Call the Vimeo API Multiple Times in Serial with Pagination

Now, let’s say we want to fetch more data, but the API limits how many records are returned in a single call. In this case, we need to call the API in a loop passing a different page number. Let’s create a new file called get-data-serial.js with the following code.

import fs from "fs";
import got from 'got';

let data = [];
let per_page = 2;
let fields = "privacy,link,release_time,tags,name,description,download";
const options = {
    method: 'GET',
    headers: {
      'Authorization': 'bearer {access_token}'
    }
}

for(let page = 1; page <= 3; page++) {
    const url = `https://api.vimeo.com/users/{user_id}/videos?page=${page}&per_page=${per_page}&fields=${fields}`;

    let somedata = await got(url, options).json();
    data.push(somedata);
    console.log(page);
};

console.log(data);
var stream = fs.createWriteStream("video-data.json",{flags:'w'});
    stream.once('open', function(fd) {
    stream.write(JSON.stringify(data)+"\n");
    stream.end();
});

Here, I’m using a simple for loop to loop through 3 pages. I also created a data variable as an empty array. With each loop iteration, I push the page’s returned data to the data array. When all is done, I write the data array to a file, which looks like this.

I collapsed the “data” array so we can see that 3 pages of data were returned. We ran this in serial so the order of the output is page 1, page 2, and page 3.

Call the Vimeo API Multiple Times in Parallel with Pagination

Now, let’s do the same thing, but asynchronously (in parallel). Create a new file called get-data-parallel.js with the following code.

import fs from "fs";
import got from 'got';

const options = {
    method: 'GET',
    headers: {
    'Authorization': 'bearer {access_token}'
    }
};

let data = [];
let per_page = 2;
let fields = "privacy,link,release_time,tags,name,description,download";
let pages = [1,2,3];

await Promise.all(pages.map(async (page) => {
    const url = `https://api.vimeo.com/users/{user_id}/videos?page=${page}&per_page=2&fields=privacy,link,release_time,tags,name,description,download`;

    let somedata = await got(url, options).json();
    data.push(somedata);
    console.log(page);
}));

console.log(data);
var stream = fs.createWriteStream("video-data-parallel.json",{flags:'w'});
    stream.once('open', function(fd) {
    stream.write(JSON.stringify(data)+"\n");
    stream.end();
});

In this case, instead of a for loop, we’re using Promise.all and passing to it an array of page numbers that we loop over using the map function. When we run the script, we get output like the following:

You’ll notice 2 things:

1. the script runs faster because the API calls are done simultaneously in parallel (asynchronously) rather than one after the other in serial (synchronously).
2. the order of the output is no longer consecutive by page number. In this example, it was page 1, page 3, page 2.

Modifying the JSON Output Structure

As shown in the previous screenshot, the API call returns an object containing pagination info followed by a data array – an array of objects containing video info.

What if we just want the data objects and not the pagination info. We can do that by modifying the structure of the JSON output. We can replace

data.push(somedata);

with

data.push(somedata.data);

but then the output becomes an array of arrays.

To fix this, let’s flatten the array by adding the following code:

data = data.flat(1);

right before we console it out and write to file.

Now, the output file looks like this (each record is collapsed for visibility).

Filtering Out Certain Records

What if we want to filter out certain records, e.g. we want to filter out all videos that are not public, i.e. we only want videos where privacy.view = “anybody”. We can use the filter function to do that, like this:

somedata = somedata.filter(video => video.privacy.view === "anybody" );

Now, we only get 5 records instead of 6 because one of them had privacy.view = “unlisted”.

What if we want to exclude videos in the “Educational” category. We can do so like this:

somedata = somedata.filter(function (video, index, arr) {
    let isEducational = false;
    video.categories.filter(function (category, index, arr) {
        if (category.name === "Educational") {
            isEducational = true;
        }
    });

    if (isEducational === false) {
        return video;
    }
});

Now, the output is only one record.

Removing Fields From the JSON Output

Each video record can contain a lot of information, including information we don’t need. For example, the privacy object contains 5 keys.

If we want to return just one privacy key, say “view”, then we can do so using the map function as follows:

// simplify privacy object to just privacy.view
somedata = somedata.map(function (video) {
    video.privacy = video.privacy.view;
    return video;
});

For each video record, the “download” field is an array of objects, one for each available rendition (resolution), e.g.

If we only want to, say, return “hd” videos and only the download links, we can use two map functions like this:

// only include videos that are HD and only return HD video download links
somedata = somedata.map(function (video) {
    let download = [];

    video.download.map(function (size) {
        if (size.quality === "hd") {
            download.push({
                rendition: size.rendition,
                link: size.link
            })
        }
    });

    if (download.length !== 0) {
        video.download = download;
        return video;
    }
});

Now, the downloads array is simplified, like this:

The “categories” field is an array of objects with a lot of data, including objects and arrays of objects.

What if we want to simplify that to just a comma-delimited list of category names. We can do that like this:

somedata = somedata.map(function (video) {
    let categories = [];

    if (video !== undefined) {
        video.categories.map(function (category) {
            categories.push(category.name);
        });

        video.categories = categories;
        return video;
    }
});

Now, the “categories” field is much simpler.

Complete Code

For reference, here’s the complete code for get-data-serial.js. The page limit and per_page values can be updated depending on how many results you want.

import fs from "fs";
import got from 'got';

let data = [];
let per_page = 2;
let fields = "privacy,link,release_time,tags,name,description,download,categories";
const options = {
    method: 'GET',
    headers: {
      'Authorization': 'bearer {access_token}'
    }
}

for(let page = 1; page <= 3; page++) {
    const url = `https://api.vimeo.com/users/{user_id}/videos?page=${page}&per_page=${per_page}&fields=${fields}`;

    let somedata = await got(url, options).json();

    somedata = somedata.data;

    // only include videos that are public
    somedata = somedata.filter(video => video.privacy.view === "anybody" );

    // only include videos that aren't in the "Educational" category
    somedata = somedata.filter(function (video, index, arr) {
        let isEducational = false;
        video.categories.filter(function (category, index, arr) {
            if (category.name === "Educational") {
                isEducational = true;
            }
        });

        if (isEducational === false) {
            return video;
        }
    });

    // simplify privacy object to just privacy.view
    somedata = somedata.map(function (video) {
        video.privacy = video.privacy.view;
        return video;
    });

    // only include videos that are HD and only return HD video download links
    somedata = somedata.map(function (video) {
        let download = [];

        video.download.map(function (size) {
            if (size.quality === "hd") {
                download.push({
                    rendition: size.rendition,
                    link: size.link
                })
            }
        });

        if (download.length !== 0) {
            video.download = download;
            return video;
        }
    });

    // simplify categories array of objects to just an array of category names
    somedata = somedata.map(function (video) {
        let categories = [];

        if (video !== undefined) {
            video.categories.map(function (category) {
                categories.push(category.name);
            });

            video.categories = categories;
            return video;
        }
    });

    data.push(somedata);
    console.log(page);
};

data = data.flat(1);
console.log(data);
var stream = fs.createWriteStream("video-data.json",{flags:'w'});
    stream.once('open', function(fd) {
    stream.write(JSON.stringify(data)+"\n");
    stream.end();
});

Learn more about async/await.

Most websites contain the same or very similar layouts on multiple pages, e.g. header and footer. There also might be a few different hero section designs and a few different CTA section designs. Imagine having 10 product pages each containing three 2-column sections with a text description in the left column and a screenshot in the right column. Each of these product pages may also have a CTA section design but with slightly different text and links. It’s common to put shared CSS in a shared CSS file, e.g. shared.css, common.css, or global.css. This especially makes sense for the header and footer, which are usually shown on all pages. But over time, that shared CSS file can become very long because you may have a lot of CSS for many different common sections. This can make it difficult and dangerous to edit code for just one particular section. It can also make it very difficult if you want to copy a section on one page to add to another page. If the HTML, CSS, and JS for the section aren’t isolated, you may not copy all the necessary code, not to mention you could end up with inconsistencies between two or more sections that should have the same design.

Consolidating all CSS into the fewest files possible is good for website performance (the fewer files, the fewer network requests), but nowadays, it’s common for websites, including simple static websites, to go through an automated build process to optimize the files before publishing them. The build process can do many things like minify and combine multiple CSS and JS files into single CSS and JS files, add prefixes to CSS using tools like PostCSS auto-prefixer, etc.

Following is one simple approach to grouping HTML, CSS and JS by website section. This approach can also be used for any part of a website like blocks within a section, but to keep things simple, we’ll just look at sections which I define as horizontal rows of related content, e.g.

• header section
• hero section design 1
• hero section design 2
• features section design 1
• features section design 2
• resources section
• CTA section
• footer section

Here’s one possible file structure:

my-website/
├─ src/
│  ├─ index.njk
│  ├─ index.css
│  ├─ index.js
│  ├─ product1/
│  │  ├─ index.njk
│  │  ├─ index.css
│  │  ├─ index.js
│  ├─ product2/
│  │  ├─ index.njk
│  │  ├─ index.css
│  │  ├─ index.js
│  ├─ components/
│  │  ├─ header/
│  │  │  ├─ header.njk
│  │  │  ├─ header.css
│  │  │  ├─ header.js
│  │  ├─ footer/
│  │  │  ├─ footer.njk
│  │  │  ├─ footer.css
│  │  │  ├─ footer.js
│  │  ├─ section1/ (e.g. hero layout design 1)
│  │  │  ├─ section1.njk
│  │  │  ├─ section1.css
│  │  │  ├─ section1.js
│  │  ├─ section2/ (e.g. hero layout design 2)
│  │  │  ├─ section2.njk
│  │  │  ├─ section2.css
│  │  │  ├─ section2.js
│  │  ├─ section3/ (e.g. features layout design 1)
│  │  │  ├─ section3.njk
│  │  │  ├─ section3.css
│  │  │  ├─ section3.js
│  │  ├─ section4/ (e.g. CTA layout design 1)
│  │  │  ├─ section4.njk
│  │  │  ├─ section4.css
│  │  │  ├─ section4.js
├─ build/
│  ├─ index.html
│  ├─ index.css
│  ├─ index.js
│  ├─ product1/
│  │  ├─ index.html
│  │  ├─ index.css
│  │  ├─ index.js
│  ├─ product2/
│  │  ├─ index.html
│  │  ├─ index.css
│  │  ├─ index.js

In the src (source) folder, I’m using Nunjucks (njk) files instead of HTML files so they can include logic and pull in the components (partials). When the source files are processed, the built files show up in the “build” folder. For the home page source file (index.njk), the structure of the code could be like this

<html>
<head>

    {% include "/src/components/header/header.css" %}
    {% include "/src/components/footer/footer.css" %}
    {% include "/src/index.css" %}
</head>
<body>
    {% include "/src/components/header/header.njk" %}

    ... some HTML ...
    
    {% include "/src/components/footer/footer.njk" %}

    {% include "/src/components/header/header.js" %}
    {% include "/src/components/footer/footer.js" %}
    {% include "/src/index.js" %}
</body>
</html>

Note that the home page has its own CSS and JS files for elements that are not part of a component. When this file is built, the CSS and JS files will be combined (Netlify can do this automatically) and the included header and footer njk references will be replaced with their contents, e.g.

<html>
<head>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="index-435kl3jl3j.css">
</head>
<body>
    <header>
        <p>FOO Website</p>
        <ul>
            <li>Home</li>
            <li>Product 1</li>
            <li>Product 2</li>
        </ul>
    </header>

    ... some HTML ...
    
    <footer>
        Copyright 2023
    </footer>

    <script src="index-43533lj344.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Here’s another example. For product page 1 (product1/index.njk), the file contents may look like this

<html>
<head>

    {% include "/src/components/header/header.css" %}
    {% include "/src/components/section1/section1.css" %}
    {% include "/src/components/section4/section4.css" %}
    {% include "/src/components/header/footer.css" %}
    {% include "/src/product2/index.css" %}
</head>
<body>
    {% include "/src/components/header/header.njk" %}

    {% set title = "Product 1" %}
    {% set heroImage = "product1.jpg" %}
    {% include "/src/components/section1/section1.njk" %}

    ... some HTML ...

    {% set text = "Try Product 1 Now" %}
    {% set link = "/product1/free-trial/" %}
    {% include "/src/components/section4/section4.njk" %}
    
    {% include "/src/components/footer/footer.njk" %}

    {% include "/src/components/header/header.js" %}
    {% include "/src/components/section1/section1.js" %}
    {% include "/src/components/section4/section4.js" %}
    {% include "/src/components/footer/footer.js" %}
    {% include "/src/product2/index.js" %}
</body>
</html>

In the code example above, we’re passing some variables into components section1 and section 4. That allows us to reuse a component’s layout and design while changing its content. Since product pages usually look very similar, the code for product2/index.njk might look like this

<html>
<head>

    {% include "/src/components/header/header.css" %}
    {% include "/src/components/section1/section1.css" %}
    {% include "/src/components/section4/section4.css" %}
    {% include "/src/components/header/footer.css" %}
    {% include "/src/product2/index.css" %}
</head>
<body>
    {% include "/src/components/header/header.njk" %}

    {% set title = "Product 2" %}
    {% set heroImage = "product2.jpg" %}
    {% include "/src/components/section1/section1.njk" %}

    ... some HTML ...

    {% set text = "Try Product 2 Now" %}
    {% set link = "/product2/free-trial/" %}
    {% include "/src/components/section4/section4.njk" %}
    
    {% include "/src/components/footer/footer.njk" %}

    {% include "/src/components/header/header.js" %}
    {% include "/src/components/section1/section1.js" %}
    {% include "/src/components/section4/section4.js" %}
    {% include "/src/components/footer/footer.js" %}
    {% include "/src/product2/index.js" %}
</body>
</html>

I reused the components but changed the value of the variables that are referenced in the components.

To prevent code conflicts, you can specify an ID in the first element of each component. For example,

section1.njk

<div id="section1">
    ... some HTML ...
</div>

section2.njk

<div id="section2">
    ... some HTML ...
</div>

Then, in the component’s CSS, to prevent CSS conflicts, you can prefix all rules like this

section1.css

#section1 .intro {
    ... some CSS ...
}

#section1 .features {
    ... some CSS ...
}

section2.css

#section2 .intro {
    ... some CSS ...
}

#section2 .features {
    ... some CSS ...
}

Similarly, with the JavaScript component file, you can do something similar, e.g.

section1.js

$("#section1 .intro")...

section2.js

$("#section2 .intro")...

Another benefit of this approach is you can create a page showing a preview of all components you have. When you want to create a new page, you can browse the list of component previews to see if you can reuse an existing component or decide if you need to create a new component.