Category: Web Development

Things have definitely moved around and look different in the UI for GA4 (Google Analytics v4) vs UA (Universal Analytics). If you’re looking how to find pages that link to a particular page (previous page path), then you need to use Path Exploration.

Explore > Path Exploration

If you see an existing path exploration, click “Start Over”. Then, click “Ending Point” and choose an option. I prefer to choose “Page path and screen class” since page paths are easy and unique to get.

You can then choose one of the available paths or click the magnifying glass to type in a path, e.g. /resources/.

You will then see how often people click on a link on a page that takes them to your ending point (page) within a particular time range.

In the Variables section on the left, you can change the date range and other variables.

1. From a web design point of view, what do you think of  
   • www.qualys.com 
   • https://www.qualys.com/customers/success-stories/cintas-replaces-manual-patching-tasks-with-risk-based-from-qualys-enterprise-trurisk-platform/  

2. Are you currently employed? If so, why are you looking for another job? 

3. What have been your key responsibilities as a web designer? 

4. Describe your experience designing websites. 

5. How familiar are you with HTML and CSS? 

6. Do you have a portfolio of web designs? 

7. Have you created any websites yourself, whether from scratch or from WYSIWYG tools like Webflow? 

8. On a scale of 1-10, with 10 being the most proficient, rate your proficiency in Photoshop. 

9. On a scale of 1-10, with 10 being the most proficient, rate your proficiency in Figma. 

10. Do you have a portfolio of websites you’ve designed? 

11. Do you use a grid system when you create designs? 

12. What is a responsive web design? 

13. Are you familiar with website breakpoints? 

14. What are some bad examples of web design? 

• An outdated or inadequate web design. 
• Poor website navigation. 
• Convoluted or unclear user journeys. 
• Excessive use of images, icons, colors, and textures. 
• Poor quality images. 
• Mobile optimization is not available. 

15. What’s the web design project you’re most proud of? 

16. Describe your end-to-end process when working on a web design task. 

17. Have you ever been involved in a complete website redesign project? 

18. Describe what UX is and why it is important. 

19. Describe your experience with website animation. 

20. Do you have experience designing icons from scratch or editing existing icons or do you rely solely on a library of premade icons? 

21. Do you have experience creating vector images from scratch, e.g. using Adobe Illustrator? 

22. Have you created any animations using Adobe AfterEffects? 

23. When designing for web, have you leveraged any website component libraries like Tailwind UI and Flowbite? 

24. A common workflow we have is to take a Word document containing web page content and turn it into a web design in Figma. Is this something you can do? 

25. Unlike print designs, websites are living documents, meaning that the content, whether text or images, often changes. As such web designs need to be versatile to accommodate such changes. For example, if a design calls for a box containing paragraph with 5 lines of text, e.g. a customer quote, that same design may not look good the customer was replaced with one spanning 10 lines of text. Do you have experience facing such web designs issues? 

26. Have you worked with any website templates before? 

27. Describe your level of passion for web design. 

28. How do you keep abreast of web design trends, e.g. do you follow certain groups, attend conferences, read certain blogs, etc? 

29. The marketing department at Qualys is very fast-paced with many last-minute requests. Do you have experience in and would you be comfortable in such an environment? 

30. Do you have experience designing marketing websites and/or landing pages to drive signups? 

31. Do you have experience designing websites with SEO in mind?  

32. Qualys is a multi-national company with offices around the world. Sometimes, you may need to work outside of normal business hours. Is that okay for you or do you have a strict 9-5 schedule? 

33. Where do you go for design inspiration? 

34. Are there certain websites that you particularly like the design of, e.g. apple.com, yahoo.com, etc? 

35. Please take 15 mins to make a list of design choices you like and dislike on www.qualys.com and explain why.

36. Describe a web design project you worked on that didn’t go as planned. What could you have done better? 

37. Do you have experience with ADA compliance as it pertains to web design, e.g. 

• Color contrast 
• Accessibility of web forms 
• Etc  

38. What tools do you use the most when designing? 

39. Some designs are full-width. How do you handle such designs if a user’s monitor is very wide? 

40. When designing for web, do you prefer to start with a mobile design (mobile-first design) or a desktop design? 

Let’s say you’ve inherited a large website that uses some home-grown static site generator (SSG) and there’s no documentation. Your build and release infrastructure is fragile and also custom. Your git repo is massive with content from two decades, including lots of binary files. You want to migrate this massive piece of shit to a popular SSG like Eleventy and you want to use a reliable deployment system like GitHub + Netlify. Let’s say you can’t migrate all source files because there’s no easy way to do so between your custom SSG and Eleventy. If you’re willing to sacrifice most of your layouts and partials (includes) and just migrate everything all of the built static files to Eleventy with one partial for the header and one for the footer, then here’s one way to do it.

1. Copy Your Static Site to a New Folder

If you don’t have access to the SSG and the web servers, you can download the whole website from the internet using wget.

If your website is on WordPress, install the Simply Static plugin and export your site to a zip file (free).

2. Copy the Header and Footer Code Blocks to Separate Files

Let’s say your HTML looks something like this.

<html>
<head>
	...
</head>
<body>
<header class="header">
	<div>Logo</div>
	<ul>
		<li>Link 1</li>
		<li>Link 2</li>
	</ul>
</header>
<section>
	<p>Hello, World!</p>
</section>
<footer class="footer">
	<p>Copyright 2024</p>
	<div>blah blah blah</div>
</footer>
</body>
</html>

In this case, you can create separate files like this:

/includes/header.njk

<header class="header">
	<div>Logo</div>
	<ul>
		<li>Link 1</li>
		<li>Link 2</li>
	</ul>
</header>

/includes/footer.njk

<footer class="footer">
	<p>Copyright 2024</p>
	<div>blah blah blah</div>
</footer>

3. Search and Replace the Header Code Block with a Include

For simplicity, let’s say that your HTML looks something like this:

<html>
<head>
	...
</head>
<body>
<div class="header">
	<div>Logo</div>
	<ul>
		<li>Link 1</li>
		<li>Link 2</li>
	</ul>
</div>
<section>
	<p>Hello, World!</p>
</section>
<div class="footer">
	<p>Copyright 2024</p>
	<div>blah blah blah</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

If your header and footer code blocks don’t use unique HTML tags like “header” and “footer”, then you may have a problem searching and replacing these code blocks. For example, in VS Code, if I try to select the header block beginning with <div class="header">, I can’t do so due to the nested div tag.

Using the regex

<div class="header"(.|\n)*?</div>

notice how the selection ends prematurely at the closing nested div tag. In this situation, you can update your source code to replace the open and closing div tags with the standard <header> tag. You can do the same with the footer by using the <footer> tag. After updating the source code, you can rebuild your static HTML pages and then use a regex like

<header(.|\n)*?</header>
<footer(.|\n)*?</footer>

to search and replace the header and footer code blocks with a code reference that includes those code blocks using whatever template engine you want to use.

If you want to use the Nunjucks template engine, for example, then you can replace those code blocks with something like

{% include "header.njk" %}
{% include "footer.njk" %}

4. Rename file extensions

Rename all HTML files so their extensions are .njk instead of .html.

brew install rename
find . -name "*.html" -exec rename 's|\.html|\.njk|' {} +

5. Install an SSG

Create a new folder and install an SSG. In this case, I’ll install Eleventy.

mkdir mysite 
cd mysite
npm init -y
npm install --save-dev @11ty/eleventy

Move your website files to your new Eleventy project. To follow Eleventy’s default conventions, your folder structure should look something like this.

Note that we put the header and include partials in the “_includes” folder under the “src” folder. Therefore, our header and footer include references should be updated to look like this

<html>
<head>
	<title>Home Page</title>
</head>
<body>
{% include "src/_includes/header.njk" %}
<section>
	<p>Hello, World!</p>
</section>
{% include "src/_includes/footer.njk" %}
</body>
</html>

6. Test

If you don’t create an Eleventy config file, then Eleventy will use all of its defaults and output built files to a “_site” folder and it will build the partials as well.

Since we don’t want to build the partials, let’s create an Eleventy config file.

7. Create an Eleventy config file

In the project root, create a file called .eleventy.js with the following content.

module.exports = function(eleventyConfig) {
	eleventyConfig.addPassthroughCopy("src", {
		//debug: true,
		filter: [
			"404.html",
			"**/*.css",
			"**/*.js",
			"**/*.json",
			"!**/*.11ty.js",
			"!**/*.11tydata.js",
		]
	});
  
	// Copy img folder
	eleventyConfig.addPassthroughCopy("src/img");

	eleventyConfig.setServerPassthroughCopyBehavior("copy");

	return {
		dir: {
			input: "src",
			// ⚠️ These values are both relative to your input directory.
			includes: "_includes",
			layouts: "_layouts",
		}
	}
};

If you rerun Eleventy, you’ll see that the partials are not built and copied to the output folder.

8. Create a layout (optional)

If you want your page content to be wrapped in other content, you can create a layout. This is called template inheritance. Both Nunjucks and 11ty have their own template inheritance mechanism. With Nunjucks, you inherit a parent template using 

{% extends "parent.njk" %}. 

With 11ty, you inherit a parent template using front matter, e.g.

---
layout: parent.njk
---

Nunjucks supports template blocks natively, but it doesn’t support front matter. 11ty supports front matter, but it doesn’t support template blocks natively. Learn more about creating a layout using 11ty’s template inheritance mechanism.

9. Change absolute links to relative ones

If you have absolute links to the same site, you should replace them with relative ones, e.g.

https://www.mysite.com/products/ -> /products/

You can do this easily in VS Code’s search and replace feature.

10. Move all images to AWS S3 and an image CDN like ImageKit

If your website images are local, I would move them to AWS S3 and then use the S3 URL as a custom origin to pull the images into an image CDN like ImageKit or Cloudinary. If your site is in WordPress, the images will be in the wp-content/uploads folder. You can then do a global search and replace to reference the image CDN URL.

Recently, I needed to clone a website and make a few minor changes to it. I wanted to publish a slightly modified copy of the website. Luckily, it’s easy to do that using wget. Here’s how I did it.

1. Install wget

I’m on Mac, so I installed wget using Homebrew using the command

brew install wget

2. Download site

I wanted to download this small website. I used this command:

wget -p -r https://events.govexec.com/qualys-cyber-risk-conference/

• The -p flag means download all page requisites, such as images, stylesheets, etc.
• The -r flag means recursive.

Note that wget will crawl a website to download pages and dependencies. If a page is not linked, whether directly or indirectly from the URL passed to the wget command (an orphan page, it will not get downloaded. One option is to make a list of all URLs (one per line) by getting them from the websites sitemap, assuming the sitemap is complete, and passing that list to the wget command, e.g.

wget -p -r --input-file=download-list.txt

If download stops, you can continue using the command

$ wget -p -r --continue --input-file=download-list.txt

Learn more

3. Search and replace

Since I downloaded a bunch of HTML files, if I wanted to replace a common element on multiple pages, the easiest way was to do a search and replace. Using VisualStudio Code, you can easily find all HTML blocks within a particular tag using a multi-line regex. Here are some example regexes:

<footer(.|\n)*?</footer>

<script(.|\n)*?</script>

<a class="popup(.|\n)*?</a>

Note: these regexes only work if the tags don’t have any nested tags with the same name.

With so many video codecs and containers, it’s easy to get confused. Here’s a simple explanation.

Codec (Video Format)

Codec stands for coder-decoder. Video codecs are algorithms for encoding and decoding video data.

• An encoder compresses video streams, which reduces the amount of data for storage and transmission.
• A decoder reverses the conversion for playing or editing a video stream.

For simplicity, you can think of a video codec as the video format.

Examples of video codecs are H.261, H.263, VC-1, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, AVS1, AVS2, AVS3, VP8, VP9, AV1, AVC/H.264, HEVC/H.265, VVC/H.266, EVC, LCEVC

Currently, the most popular codec is AVC/H.264.

Container (File Format)

With respect to video, a container is a data storage. It can include compressed video and audio sequences, subtitles, service information and metadata. It is a package or bundle.

For simplicity, you can think of a media container as the file format.

Examples of media containers are MPEG-1 System Stream, MPEG-2 Program Stream, MPEG-2 Transport Stream, MP4, MOV, MKV, WebM, AVI, FLV, IVF, MXF, HEIC

Currently, the most popular container is MP4.

There are many ways and tools you can enhance a photo. If you’re a professional photographer, then you’ll likely have advanced methods, but for the average person, you’ll probably just want some quick and easy solutions. Like most average people, my photos are mostly taken from my phone (currently, Google Pixel 8). However, when vacationing, I also take a lot of video using my Insta360 X3 camera, and I’ll occasionally want to take snapshots of a video frame to add to my photo collection. With this in mind, here’s my current (simple) workflow for upscaling and enhancing photos.

Enhance a Photo Using Google Photos

First, upload your photo to Google Photos. Then, use one of the presets to enhance the photo. Here’s an example photo without any enhancements applied.

The average person might that the photo looks fine, but it can significantly be improved. Here’s how the photo looks when you click on each of the suggested improvement options.

Note that Color Pop tried to isolate the subject and convert everything else to grayscale. It’s not perfect because the subject’s right arm is partially gray. To fix this, you could select the subject in Photoshop either manually or automatically, invert the selection, and convert the selection to grayscale.

Now, let’s say that you have a heavily underexposed (dark) photo. (Learn more about under and overexposed photos).

If you click the “Enhance” or “Dynamic” options, you’ll get this.

For comparison, here are the photo’s input levels in Photoshop.

If I were to manually correct the exposure in Photoshop, this is what I’d get.

The photo is significantly improved, but it doesn’t look exactly like it does using the Google Photos presets.

If the Google Photos presets don’t look good enough, you can make many adjustments in the Settings tab. In the example below, I started by choosing the “Dynamic” preset, and then in the Settings tab, I increased the brightness.

So, for the average person, using Google Photos to improve photos is easy and usually adequate.

Enhance a Photo Using Topaz Photo AI

Topaz Photo AI can do many things to a photo, including

• remove noise
• sharpen
• adjust lighting
• balance color
• recover faces
• preserve text
• upscale

You can also just run autopilot and let Topaz choose settings for you.

For me, I mainly use Topaz to enlarge (upscale) photos, remove noise, which can result from adjusting the levels of a heavily underexposed photo, and to sharpen photos. These improvements are particularly useful when I take a snapshot of a 1920×1080 video frame. For example, here’s a frame from a video.

I want to zoom in on the subject, crop it, enlarge it, and enhance it. Here’s the zoomed-in part cropped. The dimensions are 1048 x 589 px.

Now, I’ll drag it into Topaz and run autopilot to upscale and enhance the photo. It will take a minute to process. Here’s how the photo looks enlarged by 34% before enhancing it with Topaz.

Here’s how it looks with Topaz enhancements applied.

There is a difference, but it will be more obvious when you zoom in. Below is a comparison zoomed in at 67% before and after using Topaz.

At this point, you can copy the upscaled and sharpened photo from Topaz and paste it into Google Photos to enhance it.

Topaz Photo AI isn’t perfect, but depending on the original photo, it can often product amazing results.

Chances are you’ve taken photos where the faces are too dark. This can be due to a low-quality camera and/or incorrect camera settings. Fortunately, there is a way to easily fix this using Photoshop. As an example, I’ll use this photo of me in the Wynwood district of Miami (below). Notice how my face lacks detail because it’s underexposed (too dark).

Levels

First, I like to check and adjust the levels for the image. Go to Image > Adjustments > Levels. You’ll see a histogram like this

In the input levels, there are 3 markers from left to right

• black marker (left) = shadows
• gray marker (middle) = midtones
• white marker (right) = highlights

The left and right markers should touch the left and right edges of the histogram. In this case, there is a small gap between the right marker and the right edge of the histogram, meaning the image is a little underexposed. If we move the right marker to the right edge of the histogram, the image will become a little brighter.

In this particular example, this adjustment isn’t significant. But, if there’s a big gap in the histogram like this

then adjusting the levels will make a big improvement to your image.

Exposure

If adjusting the levels doesn’t brighten your subject’s face enough, you can adjust the exposure of just the face. First, make a circular selection around a face.

Then, add a feather to it. Select > Modify > Feather. For a 1920 x 1080 image, I create a 50-pixel feather.

Then, adjust the exposure by going to Adjustments > Exposure

You will see a slider for Exposure. Drag it to the right to increase the exposure.

Notice how the face is brighter.

If I increase the exposure too much, the face will look nice and bright, but it won’t look natural against the darker surroundings.

The problem is there appears to be a white glow around the face. In this case, I can select just the subject or the subject’s face to limit the exposure adjustment area. In this case, no feather is needed.

Now, only the subject is brightened.

I can also tweak the levels by adjusting the shadows and the midtones so that the subject doesn’t look unnaturally bright against a darker background.

Before and After

As you can see in the before and after image below, my face looks much brighter while still appearing natural.

Many people wonder why their website doesn’t rank high for a particular keyword. Let’s take cybersecurity as an example because I am familiar with that space. A cybersecurity company usually has products and events, and a need to market them. One type of product is a tool to manage vulnerabilities. The industry refers to the topic as “vulnerability management” or “VM”. Marketers would then often ask, “why isn’t my VM product page showing up at the top of Google when people search for “vulnerability management”. Likewise, if the company has an annual user conference with session talks about cybersecurity, marketers will again often ask why their conference website doesn’t show up for the keyword “cybersecurity”. The main reason lies in search intent.

Search Intent

When people search for “vulnerability management” or “cybersecurity”, they are most likely not searching for a VM product or a cybersecurity conference. These generic terms likely indicate that they are searching for information about them rather than a tool or a conference. Consequently, search results for those terms show informational pages containing content explaining what they are as if a user searched for “what is vulnerability management” or “what is cybersecurity”.

There are 4 types of search intent:

• Navigational intent: Users want to find a specific page (e.g., “reddit login”)
• Informational intent: Users want to learn more about something (e.g., “what is seo”)
• Commercial intent: Users want to do research before making a purchase decision (e.g., “best coffee maker”)
• Transactional intent: Users want to complete a specific action, usually a purchase (e.g., “buy subaru forester”)

Therefore, for the VM tool and cybersecurity conference examples above, the correct search terms to check would be something like

• (best) vulnerability management tool
• cybersecurity conference

The qualifiers “tool” and “conference” make it clear what people’s search intent is so they find content relevant to what they are actually looking for. But how do you know what keywords people are searching for? This is where keyword research tools come in.

Keyword Research

To do keyword research, you can use a free tool like Google Keyword Planner or a paid tool like Semrush. I’ll use Google Keyword Planner. You can use it to

• discover new keywords and
• get keyword search volume and forecasts.

Continuing with our example, let’s see how many people search for the following keywords:

• vulnerability management
• vulnerability management tool
• cybersecurity
• cybersecurity conference

I enter those keywords as shown below…

and Google spits out the following data

The keyword “vulnerability management” gets many more searches per month compared to “vulnerability management tool”. But, since people searching for “vulnerability management” are probably not looking for a tool or software, people will likely ignore your VM product page even if it does show up in the #1 spot. The keyword “vulnerability management tool” gets fewer searches, but ranking for it will at least match your product page with a targeted group of interested people. Therefore, you’ll want to optimize your page for the keyword “vulnerability management tool”, e.g. by adding the word “tool” to your page copy, and monitor your Google page rank for that keyword.

As for the conference example, though the keyword “cybersecurity” gets a huge number of searches per month, it’s such a generic term that most people are probably not looking for a cybersecurity conference when they search for “cybersecurity”. On the contrary, the keyword “cybersecurity conference” is more specific / targeted and gets a decent search volume. Therefore, that is the term you should optimize for and monitor your page rank for.

In addition to the keywords you may already know about, you can using Google Keyword Planner to discover other relevant keywords. For example, if I enter “vulnerability management tool”…

I get the following results.

It looks like some companies like “Qualys” and “Rapid7” are known for having vulnerability management tools, so people looking specifically for their respective product pages just use the company name as a qualifier. However, there are some non-brand keywords that get a decent amount of searches as well, including “vulnerability management program” and “vulnerability management process”. While these keywords can be included in a VM product page, they may deserve to have their own pages.

How Long to Rank High

Now that you know what keywords to target, another misunderstanding people have is that adding keywords to a page will result in a higher page rank in just a matter of weeks. First of all, keywords are just one of many factors that affect page rank. SEO is a long-term strategy. Unless you’re looking to rank high for a long-tail keyword – a keyword so specific that there is very little competition – don’t expect immediate results.